Temperature Inversion UPSC NET | तापीय व्युत्क्रमण

Temperature Inversion UPSC NET

Temperature Inversion UPSC NET ऊंचाई बढ़ने पर सामान्य रूप से तापमान प्रति 1000 मीटर की ऊंचाई पर 6.5 डिग्री सेल्सियस कम हो जाता है किन्तु जब तापमान में गिरावट का यह क्रम उलट जाता है तो इसे तापीय व्युत्क्रमण अथवा तापीय प्रतिलोमन कहा जाता है | तापीय व्युत्क्रमण / प्रतिलोमन की दशा में ऊंचाई बढ़ने पर तापमान में वृद्धि होती है |

Temperature Inversion UPSC NET

जाड़े की लम्बी रात में पृथ्वी का धरातल तीव्र पार्थिव विकिरण द्वारा अत्यधिक ठंडा हो जाता है फलस्वरूप इसके संपर्क में आने वाली हवा भी ठंडी होने लगती है एवं निचला वायुमंडल ठंडा हो जाता है जबकि उपरी वायुमंडल अपेक्षाकृत रूप से गर्म रहता है |

तापीय प्रतिलोमन की यह दशा स्वच्छ आकाश , शुष्क हवा एवं मंद समीर की स्थिति में अधिक प्रभावशाली हो जाती है | यह घने कुहरों के लिए उत्तरदायी होती है | यह कुहरा यातायात में बाधा उत्पन्न करता है |

पर्वतीय घाटियों में पार्थिव विकिरण के कारण पर्वतों के उपरी भाग तेजी से ठन्डे हो जाते हैं एवं उनके संपर्क में आने वाली वायु भी ठंडी हो जाती है | यह ठंडी वायु ढलान के सहारे निचे उतरती है तथा घाटियों में भर जाती है इन्हें केटाबेटिक विंड कहा जाता है | घाटी की तली की गर्म वायु जब ऊपर उठती है तो इसे एनाबेटिक विंड कहा जाता है |

तापीय व्युत्क्रमण के कारण ही पर्वतीय भागो में बस्तियां पर्वतों के ढलानों पर बसाई जाती है | तापीय व्युत्क्रमण से उत्पन्न कोहरा तेज किरणों से कहवा की फसल की रक्षा करता है |

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Plate Tectonic Theory

Plate Tectonic Theory | प्लेट विवर्तनिकी सिद्धांत

Plate Tectonic Theory

Plate Tectonic Theory. प्लेट विवर्तनिकी सिद्धांत महाद्वीपों एवं महासागरों के सञ्चालन से सम्बंधित सिद्धांत है | इसमें पृथ्वी को अलग अलग प्लेटों में विभाजित माना गया है | स्थलीय दृढ भूखंड को प्लेट कहते हैं | प्लेटों के स्वभाव एवं प्रवाह से सम्बंधित अध्ययन को प्लेट विवर्तनिकी कहा जाता है |

प्लेट विवर्तनिकी सिद्धांत का प्रतिपादन 1965 ई में मॉर्गन व आइजेक ने किया | मकेंजी , पार्कर व होम्स इसके मुख्य समर्थक हैं |

प्लेट विवर्तनिकी सिद्धांत में पृथ्वी की भू पर्पटी को अनेक प्लेटों में विभक्त किया गया है | ये प्लेटें 100किमी की मोटाई वाले स्थल मंडल से निर्मित होती हैं तथा दुर्बलमंडल (एस्थेनोस्फेयर ) पर तैरती रहती हैं | अभी तक 7 बड़ी एवं 20 छोटी प्लेटों का पता लगाया गया है | plate tectonic theory. according to plate tectonic theory. tectonic plates movement.

Plate Tectonic Theory | प्रमुख प्लेटें

  • अफ़्रीकी प्लेट
  • उत्तरी अमेरिकी प्लेट
  • दक्षिणी अमेरिकी प्लेट
  • अन्टार्कटिका प्लेट
  • इंडो ऑस्ट्रलियन प्लेट
  • यूरेशियन प्लेट
  • प्रशांत महासागरीय प्लेट

Plate Tectonic Theory | लघु प्लेटें

  • अरेबियन प्लेट
  • बिस्मार्क प्लेट
  • केरिबियन प्लेट
  • केरोलिना प्लेट
  • कोकोस प्लेट
  • जुआन डी फूका प्लेट
  • नाजका प्लेट
  • स्कोटिश प्लेट
  • इंडियन प्लेट
  • पर्शियन प्लेट
  • अनातोलियन प्लेट
  • चाइना प्लेट
  • फूजी प्लेट
  • सोमाली प्लेट
  • बर्मी प्लेट

Plate Tectonic Theory | प्लेट सीमाएं अथवा किनारे

भूगार्भिक दृष्टिकोण से प्लेट किनारे सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण होते हैं क्योंकि इन्हीं के सहारे भूकंप , ज्वालामुखी एवं अन्य विवर्तनिक घटनाएँ संपन्न होती हैं |

सामान्यतः प्लेट किनारों को तीन वर्गों में विभाजित किया गया है –

  1. रचनात्मक प्लेट किनारा – दो तापीय संवहन तरंगो के ऊपरी मुखी स्तंभों के ऊपर अवस्थित हैं | यहाँ से दो प्लेट एक दुसरे से विपरीत दिशा में गतिशील होती हैं  जिससे दोनों के मध्य भ्रंश दरार का निर्माण होता है तथा एस्थेनोस्फेयर का मैग्मा ऊपर आता है एवं नयी क्रस्ट का निर्माण होता है इस लिए इसे रचनात्मक किनारा कहा जाता है | इस किनारे पर प्लेटों की गति अपसारी गति कहलाती है |
  2. विनाशात्मक प्लेट किनारा – दो तापीय संवहन तरंगो के अधोमुखी स्तंभों के ऊपर अवस्थित है इससे दो प्लेटें एक दुसरे की ओर गति करती हैं तथा भारी प्लेट का क्षेपण हलकी प्लेट के निचे होता है इससे क्रस्ट का विनाश होता है अतः इसे विनाशात्मक प्लेट किनारा कहते हैं | इस क्षेत्र को बेनी ऑफ़ जोन कहा जाता है |
  3. संरक्षी प्लेट किनारा – जब दो प्लेटें एक दुसरे के समानांतर गति करती हैं तब ऐसा किनारा संरक्षी किनारा कहलाता है | इनके किनारे रूपांतर भ्रंश का निर्माण होता है एवं भूकंप का अनुभव किया जाता है |

प्लेटों की गति के कारण

  • भू पर्पटी का घनत्व एस्थेनो स्फीयर से कम होना |
  • मेंटल में उत्पन्न संवहन तरंगे प्लेटों की गति हेतु ऊष्मा के स्त्रोत का काम करती हैं |
  • गुरुत्वाकर्षण फिसलन |
  • पृथ्वी का घूर्णन एवं सूर्य व चन्द्रमा के कारण उत्पन्न ज्वारीय घर्षण |
  • प्लूम या ऊपर उठती बेलनाकार तरंगें |

ये भी पढ़ें

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Atmopsheric Pressure

Atmospheric Pressure

Atmospheric Pressure

Atmospheric Pressure. The weight exerted by all the layers of the atmosphere on a unit area at a place is called air pressure. The atmosphere on the surface of the earth exerts air pressure due to the force of gravity.

Measurement of air pressure – Air pressure is measured by barometer (fortrin or aneroid). The unit of measurement of air pressure is millibar or hectopascal. The prevailing unit in India is millibar. 1 millibar is equal to one gram weight on 1 square cm.

A rapid fall in the barometric reading indicates the onset of a storm. A rapid steady rise in the reading is an indication of clear weather or an anticyclonic condition. The distribution of air pressure is shown by isobars.

Isobars are lines formed by joining places of equal air pressure on the sea level. In this the effect of altitude on air pressure is removed. The distance between two equal pressure lines is called the air pressure gradient / barometric gradient.

Atmospheric Pressure | Distribution of Air Pressure

Atmospheric Pressure. There are two types of distribution of air pressure –

Vertical Distribution – Generally the air pressure decreases with increase in altitude. There is a decrease of one millibar for every 10 meters of altitude. At an altitude of 6 km, the air pressure remains almost half. Filled gases are found in the lower layers of the atmosphere and the force of gravity is more.

Horizontal Distribution – A total of 7 air pressure belts are found on the earth. The equatorial low pressure belt and the polar high pressure belt are thermogenic, while the 30-35 degree belt subtropical high pressure belt and the subpolar low pressure belt at 60-65 degree are kinetic.

Latitude 30-35 is called horse latitude because in ancient times horses were sometimes thrown into the sea for easy navigation of boats carrying horses.

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